Beginners' Guide

Singapore Real Estate Stamp Duties Explained

In this article, we talk about what is stamp duty in Singapore, how to calculate them, explore in-depth BSD, SSD and ABSDs, as well as how it impacts various groups of buyers and sellers in Singapore.

RealVantage

31 Oct 2020 • 14 min read

Table of Contents

What is Stamp Duty
What is Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD)?
How to Calculate Buyer's Stamp Duty?
a. Example of a Pure Residential BSD
b. Example of a Part Residential and Commercial BSD
What is Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD)?
Additional Information on SSD
a. What is Seller’s Stamp Duty (SSD)?
Calculating ABSD and SSD
Why Cooling Measures (SSD and ABSD) were Introduced
History of Cooling Measures
How will ABSD Affect Singaporeans?
a. Changes in ABSD Rates Based on Residency Status
b. Terms of Loan for Different Property Types
How will Stamp Duties Affect Foreigners or Permanent Residents?
The Stamp Duty Loophole
When is Stamp Duty Payable in Singapore/When to Pay Buyer Stamp Duty
How and Where to Pay Stamp Duty Singapore
Alternative Real Estate Investment
a. REITs
b. Overseas Properties
c. Co-Investing

What is Stamp Duty

With the Asian real estate market booming, governments at times may need to employ measures to exert control over the market to stabilise property prices so as to improve affordability. This article discusses the Singapore Government’s cooling measures on the real estate market and how it impacts various groups of buyers and sellers in Singapore. A cooling measure to regulate property market prices in Singapore would be to impose additional stamp duties.

Stamp duty is a tax on dutiable documents for immovable properties, stocks and shares in Singapore. These documents include lease or tenancy agreements for properties, transfer documents for properties and mortgages for properties. There are three different types of stamp duties in Singapore:

Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD)
Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD)
Seller's Stamp Duty (SSD)

What is Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD)?

Before we talk about ABSD, we have to know what buyer stamp duty (BSD) is.

Buyers have to pay buyer's stamp duty when transferring ownership of or purchasing a property in Singapore. The BSD is calculated based on the market value of the property or the documented purchase price, whichever is higher.

Sometimes, benefits are associated with the transaction and noted in the paperwork, to be given to the purchaser when the deal is completed. When these benefits come in the form of cash discounts such as cash or cheques, its value may be deducted from the purchase price when calculating the BSD.

In the case of non-cash benefits such as rental guarantees or furniture vouchers, their value cannot be deducted from the purchase price when calculating the buyers stamp duty. The benefit also has to be noted in the document to be stamped in order for it to be considered for deduction from the BSD.

Only the first document executed for a property purchase is liable for ad valorem stamp duty, while other documents relating to the same transaction are only liable for nominal duty.

How to Calculate Buyer's Stamp Duty?

Example of a Pure Residential BSD

This example shows the BSD on a condominium unit purchased for $2,500,550 on 30th March 2018.

Table of Market Value of the Property, BSD Rate and Calculation — Source: IRAS

A 1% BSD rate is applied to the first S$180,000, amounting to a S$1,800 stamp duty. A 2% BSD rate is applied to the next S$180,000, which is S$3,600. A 3% BSD rate is applied to the next S$640,000, which is a S$19,200 fee. Finally, a 4% BSD rate is imposed on the remaining S$1,500,550, which is S$60,022. This adds up to a total BSD of S$84,622.

Example of a Part Residential and Commercial BSD

This example shows the BSD on a vacant land zoned as “Commercial and Residential” purchased for $20,000,000 on 1st March 2018, assuming that the residential component is valued at $8,000,000, while the commercial component is valued at $12,000,000.

The same calculation as above is used for the residential component, with a 1% BSD rate for the first $180,000, 2% BSD for the next $180,000, 3% BSD for the next $640,000 and finally a 4% BSD for the remaining $7,000,000. This amounts to a total of $304,600 in BSD for the $8,000,000 residential component of the property.

Moving on, the BSD is calculated separately for the commercial component of the property. A 1% BSD is charged for the $180,000, which is $1,800, a 2% BSD is charged for the next $180,000, amounting to $3,600, while 3% is being charged to $11,640,000, which amounts to $349,200. This is a total of $354,600 in BSD for the non-residential component of the property.

In total, for a $20,000,000 residential and commercially zoned land, with the residential component valued at $8,000,000 and commercial component valued at $12,000,000, the total BSD payable is $659,200.

What is Additional Buyer’s Stamp Duty (ABSD)?

Additional buyer’s stamp duty (ABSD) is applicable when purchasing residential properties, and the rate varies based on the buyer. The ABSD is affected by a number of different characteristics, including whether the buyer is an entity or an individual, the buyer’s residency status, and the number of properties already owned. When acquisitions are made jointly between parties falling in different buyer categories, the higher ABSD rate is applied for the property.

Additional buyer stamp duty is a tax that is levied on top of Buyer's stamp duty (a tax that property buyers have to pay when they buy a property), and only applies to the following:

For Singaporeans, ABSD will be levied on the second property purchased, and all subsequent property purchases.
For Permanent Residents, ABSD will be levied on all purchases, with the first purchase at a lower rate.
For entities, ABSD will be levied on all purchases at a similar rate, including the first purchase.

If you’re a Singaporean citizen, additional buyer's stamp duty applies to you only when you buy more than one property. Also, note that an HDB flat will still count as your first property under the ABSD framework.

Additional Information on SSD

What is Seller’s Stamp Duty (SSD)?

SSD is a duty payable for all residential property or residentially zoned land purchased after the introduction of the SSD on 20th February 2010, and sold or transferred within the holding period. As of 11th March 2017, the holding period where SSD is imposed is 3 years, with a 12% SSD if sold in the first year, 8% in the second year and 4% in the third year, after which the SSD is no longer applicable.

The SSD was introduced to disincentivise house flipping, which may inflate property demand and prices, creating a housing bubble. The SSD also applies in other situations not involving a purchase, where ownership is transferred, such as a property transfer following a divorce in accordance with the Stamp Duties (Matrimonial Proceedings) Remission Rules, from an inheritance, or a HDB transfer within a family in accordance with the Stamp Duties (Transfer of HDB Flat Within Family) Remission Rule.

HDB flat owners selling their flats after the Minimum Occupation Period (MOP) of 5 years are also exempted from paying SSD.

Calculating ABSD and SSD

Stamp duties can be calculated using IRAS’ stamp duty calculator or other alternative calculators.

Why Cooling Measures (SSD and ABSD) were Introduced

ASBD was first introduced in December 2011 as a “cooling measure” to discourage foreigners and entities from purchasing residential properties, especially multiple properties. In other words, it was introduced to discourage demand for residential properties in order to make housing affordable for Singaporeans. The rates were increased further in January 2013, along with the introduction of new buyer profiles that would be liable for ABSD.

Then in July 2018, both the BSD and ABSD increased again, and additional cooling measures like the Total Debt Servicing Ratio (TDSR) and Seller’s Stamp Duty (SSD) saw the volume of property transactions drop rather significantly.

Firstly, the ABSD nudges property prices downwards by cooling down the high property demand. The ABSD is increased to slow the price increase, avoiding the formation of property price bubbles, which can negatively impact the Singapore economy.

Secondly, the higher ABSD imposed on foreign buyers and corporate entities serves to create an ownership bias, ensuring that most properties in Singapore are owned by Singaporeans.

Finally, a large surge in en-bloc purchases from foreign developers led to the en-bloc fever of 2017. These mass purchases artificially injected a large sum of cash into the Singapore property market, which could have resulted in inflated housing prices. As a response, the government increased the ABSD for property developers in order to halt these land purchases.

In the 18 months after the imposition of the curbs (July 2018 to December 2019), the total number of private housing units purchased by foreigners dropped 32% as compared to the 18 months prior to the cooling measures.

History of Cooling Measures

However, this was not the first time cooling measures have been implemented to combat inflation in home prices. Property prices have experienced drastic increases in recent years, prompting the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) to impose cooling measures to avoid the formation of a property bubble, whereby inflated property demand and limited supply drive up prices. This is an undesirable situation as it can take a long time to reduce the inflated prices, so the MAS implements cooling measures to reduce the demand for properties in Singapore, allowing property prices to stabilise or decrease over time. However, not all the cooling measures will apply for first-time home buyers, as some target those purchasing their second residential properties, land developers or corporate entities.

Here is a complete list of cooling measures implemented in Singapore and the people affected by them.

	Date	Cooling Measure
2009	September	Confirmed List for the Industrial Government Land Sales (GLS) Programme for the 1st half of 2010 is reinstated Interest Absorption Scheme (IAS) and Interest-Only Housing Loans (IOL) removed Decision not to extend Property-Related Assistance Measures from Budget 2009 after expiry
2010	February	Seller’s Stamp Duty (SSD) is introduced for all residential properties and land sold within 1 year of purchase
	August	Holding period for SSD is increased from 1 year to within 3 years of purchase Minimum cash payment is increased from 5% to 10% and the Loan-To-Value (LTV) for housing loans is reduced from 80% to 70% for property buyers who have at least 1 outstanding house loan at the time of purchase
2011	January	Holding period for SSD is increased from 3 years to 4 years SSD rates are increased based on the holding period - 16% (first year), 12% (second year), 8% (third year), 4% (fourth year) LTV limit is lowered to 50% for buyers who are not individuals LTV limit is lowered from 70% to 60% for individual buyers with outstanding housing loans at the time of purchase
	December	Additional Buyer’s Stamp Duty (ABSD) is implemented, on top of the existing BSD, for: ◦ Foreign buyers and corporate entities purchasing any residential property will have 10% ABSD ◦ PRs who are existing homeowners and purchasing secondary residences will have 3% ABSD ◦ Singaporeans who already own 2 homes will have ABSD of 3% for subsequent purchases
2012	October	Maximum tenure for new housing loans is capped at 35 years Loans with a tenure exceeding 30 years will have stricter LTV limits: ◦ 40% for buyers with at least 1 outstanding housing loan ◦ 60% for buyers with no outstanding housing loans LTV ratio for housing loans for non-individual buyers is reduced from 50% to 40%
2013	January	ABSD rates increased by 5% to 7% overall ABSD imposed on first home purchases for PRs and second home purchases for Singaporeans Tightening of LTV limits for individuals with at least one existing loan and for corporate entities Minimum cash down payment increased from 10% to 25% for individuals applying for a second or subsequent housing loan HDB flats: ◦ For loans for HDB flats: ‣ Mortgage Servicing Ratio (MSR) for housing loans capped at 30% of the borrower’s gross monthly income ‣ Cap on MSR lowered from 40% to 35% for loans from HDB ◦ HDB flat owners who are PRs not allowed to sublet their entire flat ◦ PRs who own a HDB flat must sell it within 6 months of purchasing a private residential property in Singapore Executive Condominiums (ECs): ◦ New EC units have their maximum strata floor area capped at 160 square metres ◦ New dual-key EC units only to be sold to multi-generational families ◦ EC developers from GLS programmes only allowed to launch unit sales 15 months after site is awarded or after the foundation works are completed, whichever is earlier ◦ Private roof terraces and enclosed spaces counted as part of the Gross Floor Area and subject to charges Industrial Properties: ◦ SSD imposed on industrial properties bought and sold within a 3 year holding period
	June	Total Debt Servicing Ratio (TDSR) framework introduced, capped at 60% for housing loans for local and overseas properties Income-weighted average age to be used to calculate loan tenure for joint borrowers
	August	Maximum loan tenure for HDB flats is reduced from 35 years to 30 years, and loans with tenures exceeding 25 years subject to stricter LTV limits
	December	Reduction of EC cancellation fees from 20% to 5% Second-time applicants directly purchasing EC units from developers are required to pay a resale levy Housing loans’ MSR for direct from developer EC unit purchases are capped at 30%
2017	March	SSD holding period is reduced from 4 years to 3 years Corresponding SSD rates are reduced by 4% for each year ◦ 12% for first year sales ◦ 8% for second year sales ◦ 4% for third year sales TDSR no longer applied to mortgage equity withdrawal loans with an LTV ratio below 50%
2018	February	BSD increased from 3% to 4% for residential properties valued above S$1 million
	July	ABSD increased by 5% for all individuals, apart from Singaporeans and PRs purchasing their first residential properties, and increased by 10% for corporate entities Non-remittable additional ABSD of 5% for purchases of residential properties for development by property developers LTV limits tightened by 5% for housing loans from financial institutions

How will ABSD Affect Singaporeans?

In response to forecasts of a housing bubble forming, the most recent cooling measures in July 2018 were implemented to counter this, with a 5% increase in ABSD for Singaporeans and PRs, and a 10% increase for corporate entities. A non-remittable ABSD of 5% was implemented for purchases of residential properties for development by property developers. In addition the LTV limit was also reduced by 5%, from 80% to 75%. While this might have had the intended effect of cooling property demands in the long run, it caused a surge in property purchases before the cut-off time, with record sales of over 1,000 units in 4 hours.

Changes in ABSD Rates Based on Residency Status

Date	ABSD Rates on or Before 5 Jul 2018	ABSD Rates on or After 6 Jul 2018
SC 1st Residential Property	0%	0% (no change)
SC 2nd Residential Property	7%	12%
SC 3rd Residential Property	10%	15%
SPR 1st Residential Property	5%	5% (no change)
SPR 2nd Residential Property	10%	15%
Foreigner	15%	20%

Source: PropertyHunt

Terms of Loan for Different Property Types

Subject Property	HDB Flat	Private Properties	Private Properties	Private Properties
No. of Home Loan	No Outstanding Loan	No Outstanding Loan	1 Other Home Loan	2 Other Home Loan
Max Tenure (Years)	25	30	30	30
Loan-to_value	75%	75%	45%	35%
Minimum Cash	5%	5%	25%	25%

Source: PropertyHunt

How will Stamp Duties Affect Foreigners or Permanent Residents?

Foreign buyers and Singapore PRs are charged steeper stamp duties through a higher rate of ABSD when purchasing property in Singapore. This ABSD is an additional 25% of the property’s purchase price and is payable within two weeks after closing a deal on the property.

Exceptions are made for US citizens, as well as citizens or PRs of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Iceland. Buyers who meet this residency criteria are charged the same ABSD rates as Singaporeans.

Apart from the ABSD, all property owners are charged the same taxes and duties, including the BSD and standard property taxes, regardless of whether or not they are a Singaporean.

The Stamp Duty Loophole

Until 2017, there was a loophole in Singapore’s stamp duty system. Property purchased by Property Holding Entities (PHEs), where at least 50% of their assets are made up of residential properties in Singapore, was not subject to stamp duties. Individuals who wanted to purchase a property would purchase it through these PHEs, then purchase shares in the company to gain ownership of the property, without having to pay stamp duties.

This loophole has since been addressed through the Stamp Duties (Amendment) Bill, which introduced the Additional Conveyance Duty (ACD). This ACD applies for indirect property transactions, where shares sold in PHEs are subject to an ACD equivalent to the BSD and ABSD, on top of the existing share duty for purchasing shares.

When is Stamp Duty Payable in Singapore/ When to Pay Buyer Stamp Duty?

Stamp duty should be paid for a document before it is signed. However, no penalty will be issued if the stamp duty is paid off within 14 days of the document being signed in Singapore, or within 30 days of the document being received after being signed overseas.

Late payment for stamp duties will result in additional penalties amounting to the greater of S$10 or the amount equivalent to the duty payable for late payments of up to 3 months. For late payments exceeding 3 months, a penalty amounting to the greater of S$25 or four times the payable duty amount will be charged.

This amount can be significant, so it is important to pay the stamp duty well before the deadline to avoid these additional charges.

How and Where to Pay Stamp Duty Singapore?

In Singapore, the stamp duty can be settled online. Individuals may use eNETS to pay the stamp duty, or through a cheque if the amount exceeds their eNETS limit. Payment via eNETS requires an existing bank account with UOB, OCBC, DBS/POSB, Citibank or Standard Chartered Bank. Payments using NETS can be made through online banking services or through AXS kiosks or websites, provided that the amount does not exceed the limits of each service.

Alternatively, registered users may also pay through GIRO or cheque if the document allows it. Individuals may also proceed to a service bureau or the e-terminals at IRAS Surf Centre to pay their stamp duties.

Alternative Real Estate Investment

The ABSD adds a steep premium for potential buyers. It may therefore be justifiable for investors to look into alternative real estate investment options to gain exposure to real estate without the additional overheads discussed above.

REITs

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are companies that finance, own and operate income-generating properties. Investors may invest capital in REITs and get returns through dividends paid out to shareholders. Investors in REITs are not liable for ABSD since they are not directly purchasing a property, but can still enjoy the returns of investing in real estate.

Overseas Properties

Overseas properties can be a good addition to an investors' portfolio as it provides international diversification, reducing risk. Overseas properties also allow for higher returns, compared to the low yield of 2% to 3% for properties in Singapore. Investors may also invest in overseas properties without having to pay any ABSD, since it is only applicable for residential properties in Singapore.

Co-Investing

Co-investing is an alternative investment option allowing investors to invest in properties with a relatively small amount of capital. Co-investment platforms provide investors with different investment options which use carefully selected investment strategies to provide returns for investors. These platforms pool funds from a number of investors and purchase real estate assets, giving each co-investor partial ownership of the property. Investors get returns through revenue generated from these properties distributed at specific intervals and through capital gain when the property is sold at the end of the fixed investment period. These investments are also not subject to ABSD.

RealVantage is a co-investment platform allowing investors to browse real estate investment opportunities and invest in the properties they want to invest in. All opportunities on RealVantage are selected and vetted by experts in the industry, ensuring that investors are given ideal options for their investments. RealVantage also has the responsibility of sourcing, vetting and managing these properties throughout the investment period, giving investors a hassle-free investment experience.

About RealVantage

RealVantage is a leading real estate co-investment platform, licensed and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), that allows our investors to diversify across markets, overseas properties, sectors and investment strategies.

The team at RealVantage are highly qualified professionals who brings about a multi-disciplinary vision and approach in their respective fields towards business development, management, and client satisfaction. The team is led by distinguished Board of Advisors and advisory committee who provide cross-functional and multi-disciplinary expertise to the RealVantage team ranging from real estate, corporate finance, technology, venture capital, and startups growth. The team's philosophy, core values, and technological edge help clients build a diversified and high-performing real estate investment portfolio.

Get in touch with RealVantage today to see how they can help you in your real estate investment journey.

Disclaimer: The information and/or documents contained in this article does not constitute financial advice and is meant for educational purposes. Please consult your financial advisor, accountant, and/or attorney before proceeding with any financial/real estate investments.